A Science Based Approach to Topical Drug Classification System (TCS)

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Iontophoresis

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Ø   Iontophoresis is a method of transferring substances across the skin by applying an electrical potential difference. Ø   It promotes the transfer of charged ionic drugs and possibly high molecular weight substances such as peptides. Ø   Electric current is applied through two electrodes, placed in the patient’s skin. The first, or donor, electrode (cathode) delivers the negatively charged therapeutic agent (e.g., an organic acid), where as the second or receptor, electrode (anode) serves to close the circuit. Ø   This setup is named cathodal iontophoresis.For positively charged drugs (e.g., amines or peptides),the cell arrangement is reversed called anodal iontophoresis. The silver (anode) and silver chloride(cathode) electrode system utilized in both types of iontophoresis.      
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Microneedles

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Microneedles (MNs) are small micron-sized needles which whenapplied on the skin breaches the SC to create microchannels throughthe skin thereby assisting drug delivery. Drug can be deliveredby variousmodes using these techniques. These modes are: (a) piercingan array of solidmicroneedles into the skin followed by application of adrug patch at the treated site (b) coating drug ontomicroneedlesand inserting them into the skin for subsequent dissolution of the coateddrug within the skin (c) encapsulating drug within biodegradable, polymericmicroneedles followed by insertion into the skin for controlleddrug release and   (d) injecting drug through hollow microneedles. The microchannels thus created help topically applied drugmolecules to by pass the SC which is the major rate limiting barrier for transdermal permeation.Moreovermicroneedles areminimally invasiveand painless as they do not penetrate up to the papillary dermis wherenerve endings are situated. In vivo ...
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