Iontophoresis

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SEMINAR ON TRANSDERMAL PERMEATION ENHANCER:

SEMINAR ON TRANSDERMAL PERMEATION ENHANCER

Presented by : Pathan Lukmankhan S M.Pharm Semester I Pharmaceutics 1

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OBJECTIVE ABSORPTION THROUGH SKIN BARRIERS FACTORS PERMEATION ENHANCEMENT REFERENCES Content CONCLUSION INTRODUCTION 2

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Objectives 3

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TDDS DEFINITION : Transdermal delivery system is capable of transporting the drug through skin into the blood circulation at fixed rate. Transdermal route gives an alternative to oral and i.v. delivery. ADVANTAGES : Transdermal delivery avoids the stomach environment where the drug can be degraded. Avoids the first pass effect . Improves bioavailability . Introduction 4

Absorption through skin :

Absorption through skin 5

Drug delivery routes across human skin :

Drug delivery routes across human skin Moeity passes through both keratinocytes and lipids.( straight path to the dermis ) Transcellular Route The most common penetration pathway of drug molecules. In this pathway, drug remains in lipid moeity and stay around keratin. Paracellular Route Which involves the movement of ions through skin appendages, such as hair follicles and sweat ducts . Transappendgeal Route 6

Main barriers:

Main barriers 7

Factors affecting drug absorption :

Factors affecting drug absorption 8

Permeation enhancement:

Permeation enhancement 9

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Classification Chemical Physical Vesicles 10

Chemical agents:

Chemical agents 11

Ideal properties:

Ideal properties Ideal Penetration Enhancers Non toxic, non irritating, non allergic Ideally work rapidly Pharmacologically inert Predictable & reproducible duration of action Should work unidirectionally Skin barrier properties should return both rapidly & fully 12

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SR NO. CHEMICAL CLASS EXAMPLE Surfactants Ionic: SLS, Na laurate Non ionic : Tween 80, Polysorbates Bile salts & derivatives Na glycocholate, Na deoxycholate Fatty acid & derivatives Oleic acid, Caprylic acid Chelating agents EDTA, Citric acid Sulphoxide DMSO, DMAC, DMF Polyols PG, PEG, Glycerol Monohydric alcohols Ethanol, 2- Propanol Miscellaneous Urea & its derivatives Terpenes & Terpenoids Phospholipids Water Azone 13

Prodrug and ion pair:

Prodrug and ion pair 14

Supersaturated solutions:

Supersaturated solutions 15

Eutectic systems:

Eutectic systems 16

Complexes:

Complexes 17

Physical methods :

Physical methods Physical enhancement techniques Structure-Based Electrically-Based Velocity-Based Microneedles Iontophoresis Electroporation Ultrasound Photomechanical wave Jet propulsion 18

Microneedles:

Microneedles Needles with or without hollow center channels are placed on to the skin surface so that they penetrate the SC and the epidermis without reaching the nerve endings present in the upper epidermis. 19

Iontophoresis:

Iontophoresis Principle: A current passed between the active electrode and in different electrode repelling drug away from the active electrode and in to the skin 20

Electroporation:

Electroporation 21

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Electroporation 22

Sonophoresis(Ultrasound):

Sonophoresis(Ultrasound) 23

Sonophoresis(Ultrasound):

Sonophoresis(Ultrasound) 24

Photomechanical wave:

Photomechanical wave 25

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26

Needle free jet injectors:

Needle free jet injectors 27 This includes powder jet system which fires solid particles through horny layer to lower skin layer, using supersonic shockwaves of helium gas at high pressure. It is pain free, target delivery, fast release and safe on skin.

Vesicles and carrier systems :

Vesicles and carrier systems 28

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Journal Drug Penetration enhancers Remarks Reference Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology Sinomenine hydrochloride Ethosomes It have potential application in the treatment of local inflammation. Yan Yan et al, 2016 Bulletin of Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University Risperidone Proniosomes The developed proniosome formulation would be a promising alternative to improve the bioavailability problems of risperidone. Sharda Sambhakar et al, 2017 Recent Patents on Drug Delivery & Formulation Furosemide Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) The SLNs induced transdermal patch was found to beneficial in enhancing kinetic properties both in vitro and in vivo. Revathi Mannam et al, 2017 Recent Research Reports 29

Conclusion:

Conclusion 30

References:

References Williams A.C, Barry B.W,2004. Penetration enhancers. Adv. Drug Deliv Rev. 56, 603-618. Pathan I.B, Setty C.M,2009. Chemical Penetration Enhancers for Transdermal Drug Delivery Systems. Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research . 8, 173-179. Baheti S.R et al ., 2011. A recent approach towards Transdermal Drug delivery by Physical and Chemical Techniques. International Pharmaceutical Science . 1, 42-53. Yiping Wang et al., 2005. Transdermal iontophoresis: combination strategies to improve transdermal iontophoretic drug delivery. Eur. J. Pharmaceutics Biopharmaceutic . 60, 179-191 Dhamecha D.L et al., 2009. Drug vehicle based approaches of penetration enhancement. International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences . 1, 24-46. Subramony A.J et al., 2006. Microprocessor controlled transdermal drug delivery. Int. J. Pharm. 317, 1-6. Remington,2006. The Science & Practice of Pharmacy, Twenty- oneth ed. Vol. 2, Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, pp. 959. 31